import "math/rand"
Package rand implements pseudo-random number generators.
Random numbers are generated by a Source. Top-level functions, such as Float64 and Int, use a default shared Source that produces a deterministic sequence of values each time a program is run. Use the Seed function to initialize the default Source if different behavior is required for each run. The default Source is safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines, but Sources created by NewSource are not.
Mathematical interval notation such as [0, n) is used throughout the documentation for this package.
For random numbers suitable for security-sensitive work, see the crypto/rand package.
Code:
// Seeding with the same value results in the same random sequence each run. // For different numbers, seed with a different value, such as // time.Now().UnixNano(), which yields a constantly-changing number. rand.Seed(42) answers := []string{ "It is certain", "It is decidedly so", "Without a doubt", "Yes definitely", "You may rely on it", "As I see it yes", "Most likely", "Outlook good", "Yes", "Signs point to yes", "Reply hazy try again", "Ask again later", "Better not tell you now", "Cannot predict now", "Concentrate and ask again", "Don't count on it", "My reply is no", "My sources say no", "Outlook not so good", "Very doubtful", } fmt.Println("Magic 8-Ball says:", answers[rand.Intn(len(answers))])
Output:
Magic 8-Ball says: As I see it yes
This example shows the use of each of the methods on a *Rand. The use of the global functions is the same, without the receiver.
Code:
// Create and seed the generator. // Typically a non-fixed seed should be used, such as time.Now().UnixNano(). // Using a fixed seed will produce the same output on every run. r := rand.New(rand.NewSource(99)) // The tabwriter here helps us generate aligned output. w := tabwriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout, 1, 1, 1, ' ', 0) defer w.Flush() show := func(name string, v1, v2, v3 interface{}) { fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%v\t%v\t%v\n", name, v1, v2, v3) } // Float32 and Float64 values are in [0, 1). show("Float32", r.Float32(), r.Float32(), r.Float32()) show("Float64", r.Float64(), r.Float64(), r.Float64()) // ExpFloat64 values have an average of 1 but decay exponentially. show("ExpFloat64", r.ExpFloat64(), r.ExpFloat64(), r.ExpFloat64()) // NormFloat64 values have an average of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. show("NormFloat64", r.NormFloat64(), r.NormFloat64(), r.NormFloat64()) // Int31, Int63, and Uint32 generate values of the given width. // The Int method (not shown) is like either Int31 or Int63 // depending on the size of 'int'. show("Int31", r.Int31(), r.Int31(), r.Int31()) show("Int63", r.Int63(), r.Int63(), r.Int63()) show("Uint32", r.Uint32(), r.Uint32(), r.Uint32()) // Intn, Int31n, and Int63n limit their output to be < n. // They do so more carefully than using r.Int()%n. show("Intn(10)", r.Intn(10), r.Intn(10), r.Intn(10)) show("Int31n(10)", r.Int31n(10), r.Int31n(10), r.Int31n(10)) show("Int63n(10)", r.Int63n(10), r.Int63n(10), r.Int63n(10)) // Perm generates a random permutation of the numbers [0, n). show("Perm", r.Perm(5), r.Perm(5), r.Perm(5))
Output:
Float32 0.2635776 0.6358173 0.6718283 Float64 0.628605430454327 0.4504798828572669 0.9562755949377957 ExpFloat64 0.3362240648200941 1.4256072328483647 0.24354758816173044 NormFloat64 0.17233959114940064 1.577014951434847 0.04259129641113857 Int31 1501292890 1486668269 182840835 Int63 3546343826724305832 5724354148158589552 5239846799706671610 Uint32 2760229429 296659907 1922395059 Intn(10) 1 2 5 Int31n(10) 4 7 8 Int63n(10) 7 6 3 Perm [1 4 2 3 0] [4 2 1 3 0] [1 2 4 0 3]
func ExpFloat64() float64
ExpFloat64 returns an exponentially distributed float64 in the range (0, +math.MaxFloat64] with an exponential distribution whose rate parameter (lambda) is 1 and whose mean is 1/lambda (1) from the default Source. To produce a distribution with a different rate parameter, callers can adjust the output using:
sample = ExpFloat64() / desiredRateParameter
func Float32() float32
Float32 returns, as a float32, a pseudo-random number in [0.0,1.0) from the default Source.
func Float64() float64
Float64 returns, as a float64, a pseudo-random number in [0.0,1.0) from the default Source.
func Int() int
Int returns a non-negative pseudo-random int from the default Source.
func Int31() int32
Int31 returns a non-negative pseudo-random 31-bit integer as an int32 from the default Source.
func Int31n(n int32) int32
Int31n returns, as an int32, a non-negative pseudo-random number in [0,n) from the default Source. It panics if n <= 0.
func Int63() int64
Int63 returns a non-negative pseudo-random 63-bit integer as an int64 from the default Source.
func Int63n(n int64) int64
Int63n returns, as an int64, a non-negative pseudo-random number in [0,n) from the default Source. It panics if n <= 0.
func Intn(n int) int
Intn returns, as an int, a non-negative pseudo-random number in [0,n) from the default Source. It panics if n <= 0.
Code:
// Seeding with the same value results in the same random sequence each run. // For different numbers, seed with a different value, such as // time.Now().UnixNano(), which yields a constantly-changing number. rand.Seed(86) fmt.Println(rand.Intn(100)) fmt.Println(rand.Intn(100)) fmt.Println(rand.Intn(100))
Output:
42 76 30
func NormFloat64() float64
NormFloat64 returns a normally distributed float64 in the range [-math.MaxFloat64, +math.MaxFloat64] with standard normal distribution (mean = 0, stddev = 1) from the default Source. To produce a different normal distribution, callers can adjust the output using:
sample = NormFloat64() * desiredStdDev + desiredMean
func Perm(n int) []int
Perm returns, as a slice of n ints, a pseudo-random permutation of the integers [0,n) from the default Source.
Code:
for _, value := range rand.Perm(3) {
fmt.Println(value)
}
Unordered output:
1 2 0
func Read(p []byte) (n int, err error)
Read generates len(p) random bytes from the default Source and writes them into p. It always returns len(p) and a nil error. Read, unlike the Rand.Read method, is safe for concurrent use.
func Seed(seed int64)
Seed uses the provided seed value to initialize the default Source to a deterministic state. If Seed is not called, the generator behaves as if seeded by Seed(1). Seed values that have the same remainder when divided by 2^31-1 generate the same pseudo-random sequence. Seed, unlike the Rand.Seed method, is safe for concurrent use.
func Shuffle(n int, swap func(i, j int))
Shuffle pseudo-randomizes the order of elements using the default Source. n is the number of elements. Shuffle panics if n < 0. swap swaps the elements with indexes i and j.
Code:
words := strings.Fields("ink runs from the corners of my mouth")
rand.Shuffle(len(words), func(i, j int) {
words[i], words[j] = words[j], words[i]
})
fmt.Println(words)
Output:
[mouth my the of runs corners from ink]
Code:
numbers := []byte("12345")
letters := []byte("ABCDE")
// Shuffle numbers, swapping corresponding entries in letters at the same time.
rand.Shuffle(len(numbers), func(i, j int) {
numbers[i], numbers[j] = numbers[j], numbers[i]
letters[i], letters[j] = letters[j], letters[i]
})
for i := range numbers {
fmt.Printf("%c: %c\n", letters[i], numbers[i])
}
Output:
C: 3 D: 4 A: 1 E: 5 B: 2
func Uint32() uint32
Uint32 returns a pseudo-random 32-bit value as a uint32 from the default Source.
func Uint64() uint64
Uint64 returns a pseudo-random 64-bit value as a uint64 from the default Source.
type Rand struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}
A Rand is a source of random numbers.
func New(src Source) *Rand
New returns a new Rand that uses random values from src to generate other random values.
func (r *Rand) ExpFloat64() float64
ExpFloat64 returns an exponentially distributed float64 in the range (0, +math.MaxFloat64] with an exponential distribution whose rate parameter (lambda) is 1 and whose mean is 1/lambda (1). To produce a distribution with a different rate parameter, callers can adjust the output using:
sample = ExpFloat64() / desiredRateParameter
func (r *Rand) Float32() float32
Float32 returns, as a float32, a pseudo-random number in [0.0,1.0).
func (r *Rand) Float64() float64
Float64 returns, as a float64, a pseudo-random number in [0.0,1.0).
func (r *Rand) Int() int
Int returns a non-negative pseudo-random int.
func (r *Rand) Int31() int32
Int31 returns a non-negative pseudo-random 31-bit integer as an int32.
func (r *Rand) Int31n(n int32) int32
Int31n returns, as an int32, a non-negative pseudo-random number in [0,n). It panics if n <= 0.
func (r *Rand) Int63() int64
Int63 returns a non-negative pseudo-random 63-bit integer as an int64.
func (r *Rand) Int63n(n int64) int64
Int63n returns, as an int64, a non-negative pseudo-random number in [0,n). It panics if n <= 0.
func (r *Rand) Intn(n int) int
Intn returns, as an int, a non-negative pseudo-random number in [0,n). It panics if n <= 0.
func (r *Rand) NormFloat64() float64
NormFloat64 returns a normally distributed float64 in the range -math.MaxFloat64 through +math.MaxFloat64 inclusive, with standard normal distribution (mean = 0, stddev = 1). To produce a different normal distribution, callers can adjust the output using:
sample = NormFloat64() * desiredStdDev + desiredMean
func (r *Rand) Perm(n int) []int
Perm returns, as a slice of n ints, a pseudo-random permutation of the integers [0,n).
func (r *Rand) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error)
Read generates len(p) random bytes and writes them into p. It always returns len(p) and a nil error. Read should not be called concurrently with any other Rand method.
func (r *Rand) Seed(seed int64)
Seed uses the provided seed value to initialize the generator to a deterministic state. Seed should not be called concurrently with any other Rand method.
func (r *Rand) Shuffle(n int, swap func(i, j int))
Shuffle pseudo-randomizes the order of elements. n is the number of elements. Shuffle panics if n < 0. swap swaps the elements with indexes i and j.
func (r *Rand) Uint32() uint32
Uint32 returns a pseudo-random 32-bit value as a uint32.
func (r *Rand) Uint64() uint64
Uint64 returns a pseudo-random 64-bit value as a uint64.
type Source interface {
Int63() int64
Seed(seed int64)
}
A Source represents a source of uniformly-distributed pseudo-random int64 values in the range [0, 1<<63).
func NewSource(seed int64) Source
NewSource returns a new pseudo-random Source seeded with the given value. Unlike the default Source used by top-level functions, this source is not safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines.
type Source64 interface {
Source
Uint64() uint64
}
A Source64 is a Source that can also generate uniformly-distributed pseudo-random uint64 values in the range [0, 1<<64) directly. If a Rand r's underlying Source s implements Source64, then r.Uint64 returns the result of one call to s.Uint64 instead of making two calls to s.Int63.
type Zipf struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}
A Zipf generates Zipf distributed variates.
func NewZipf(r *Rand, s float64, v float64, imax uint64) *Zipf
NewZipf returns a Zipf variate generator. The generator generates values k ∈ [0, imax] such that P(k) is proportional to (v + k) ** (-s). Requirements: s > 1 and v >= 1.
func (z *Zipf) Uint64() uint64
Uint64 returns a value drawn from the Zipf distribution described by the Zipf object.